My Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy - 911 Words

Teaching Philosophy When I think about my teaching philosophy, I think of a quote by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer and philosopher. Kazantzakis states, â€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their own.† In my classroom, I will provide an environment that shows I am a â€Å"true teacher.† Philosophy of Discipline I believe that children learn best and will have less discipline problems when the teacher provides a classroom where the children feel safe and comfortable, so I will take the time to develop and maintain a classroom where every child feels welcomed and secure. These will start on the first day of school by letting the children know it is our classroom and not just my classroom. I will start each class with a smile on my face and we agree as a team that when you walk through the door of the classroom we will leave our worries outside. My classroom will be a caring community where everyone works together to support each other’s growth and learning. Educational Philosophy I also believe that children learn best when that see the big picture of why they are learning what they are learning. In my classroom I will make sure that I plan activities and lessons that are authentic and meaningful. I will take the time to make sure that children know why learning a skill and why that skill is important in the real world.Show MoreRelatedTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Philosophy: Lauren Gross EDUC 120 Learn to Teach, Learn to Learn. / Use the past to teach the future ( That is my philosophy) Theory helps teachers think about what we experience and furthermore to teach and learn about how we, as educators, learn. Teachers should be supportive and cooperative, teachers should play the role of a friend, but also stealthily act in the role of advisor or guide for students. Teachers should live by existing educational theories, but also be able to createRead MoreMy Philosophy : Teaching Philosophy1071 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading Professor Varis teaching philosophy it is quite evident he takes great consideration for his students and their learning opportunities. As I reflect on and review my understanding and my learning philosophy I am given the chance to reflect on past classes and possibly what could have been different on my behalf and the professor’s behalf. Also at this time I relish the opportunity to contimplate what my values, principles, achievement skills and also my expectations for this class areRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1145 Wor ds   |  5 PagesMy teaching philosophy is to engage in a mutual exchange of knowledge with the students. I believe that through helping students to develop skills of critical reflection and critical thinking they will become able to carry out innovative research and also succeed in work beyond academia. Through interactive teaching methods such as group work, role play, and joint presentations I seek not only to encourage students to engage with me as an instructor, but also to exchange and discuss ideas with theirRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1888 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching Philosophy My philosophy of education is founded on the core principle that all children should have equal access to a quality education that will prepare them for higher education and to be contributing members of society. Schools were founded on the primary principle of teaching values to students as well as educating them academically. While values have been removed from the curriculum, I still believe much of what we do as teachers is instilling values in our students. As educators,Read MoreMy Philosophy : My Teaching Philosophy893 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Since Koreans started to learn English, thousands of people have struggled to master the language. Parents currently invest a lot of money and their children spend enormous amounts of time studying English as government suggests new language policies. However, proper verification and investigation of those policies have not been done yet and the outlet is really not promising (Suh, 2007). Most Korean students study English for tests. The purpose of English is so focused onRead MoreMy Educational Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy952 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Wk. 13 By, Julie Bernard EDPC603 My objective as a teacher is to make a difference in the lives of the student I teach. Similarly, through teaching I will provide students with the necessary tools to become critical thinkers. As critical thinkers, my students will be able to make reasoned judgements that are logical and well thought out. My students will not just passively accept arguments and conclusions; my students will be equipped to questionRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis at the elementary school level. My current goal is to either teach the 4th or 5th grade level. Moreover, throughout the semester I have read about or seen different philosophies through the observations I have done throughout the semester. While reading chapter 6 in the class text I thought to myself, as an educator what will be teaching philosophy that best suited my beliefs. Moreover, in chapter 6 there was a test where one would figure out their philosophy according to the test result. For meRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching For Teaching932 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was learning about teaching in college classes my philosophy of education was different than when I actually started doing my student teaching. As soon as a teacher enters the classroom, it should be his/her second home. Teaching is a field of occupation where teacher needs have these two personality traits: patience and flexibility. Not all teachers are same thus each has their unique way of teaching students. My philosophy for teaching is very simple and fair. I would like to incorporateRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1088 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of my academic career, teaching has always been an important part of my academic duties. The interaction that I have with students is not only enjoyable to me, but it also gives me an invaluable perspective on the subjects I am teaching. Since I started my position at the Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford, I have tutored in four classes across three semesters and supervised two projects, as detailed in my CV. I am also tutoring two new undergraduate classes in

James BaldwinS Sonnys Blues - 713 Words

Harrisons Blues There can be little doubt that the characters who are the most similar in James Baldwins short story Sonnys Blues, and in Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s short story Harrison Bergeron, are the title characters of each respective work. They both embody conceptions of youth within each story Sonny as the younger brother of the nameless narrator in Baldwins tale, and Bergeron as the son of the George and Hazel Bergeron. In their own way, each is antisocial and engage in practices that are disapproved of by their societies. Sonny is struggling with a heroin addiction/habit, while Harrison has plans to overthrow the government. It is worth mentioning that Baldwins tale is highly realistic and based upon the realities of the time period in which it was written (in the mid-20th century), while Vonnegut Jr.s story is a satire that takes place in the late 21st century. However, the principle similarity between both characters is their power to invoke a startling change within their lives through their mus ical prowess. Both characters utilize music to display the best and the worst of their characteristics. Sonny is blues musician, who has struggled to have a relationship with his brother, the narrator, for most of the pairs adult life. The factor that significantly distanced the two, however, was Sonnys addiction to heroin. Although he claims that his propensity for the blues was not what should be blamed for his substance abuse, the fact still remains that drugShow MoreRelatedJames Baldwins Sonnys Blues1418 Words   |  6 Pages A common idea of James Baldwin is that he happens to write more significant essays rather than fictions or dramatic pieces. However, his most common theme of choice, ones discovery of self-identity- is elaborately broadcasted and exhibited greatly in his short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. First circulated in the late fifties and then again in the mid-sixties, Sonnys Blues explains Baldwin’s reasons for his famous arguments in the arena of Black freedom, while also providing a visual bonding ofRead MoreJames Baldwins Sonnys Blues859 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿An Analysis of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues In James Baldwin s short story Sonny s Blues a young man questions his brotherly obligations after finding that his younger brother has been arrested for using drugs. In the attempt to rectify his younger brother s behavior and life, the young man faces his own feelings for his brother and comes to terms with the life his brother Sonny lives. The developments of certain elements-plot, character, point of view, setting, symbolism-in the storyRead MoreThe Concept of Family in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues1017 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Family is one of the primary concepts in James Baldwins short story Sonnys Blues, considering that the connection between the narrator and his brother, Sonny, echoes throughout the text. The writer intended the audience to feel the relationship between the two characters and he initially induced confusion in individuals by hiding the fact that the narrator is Sonnys brother. Most of the story deals with the narrator acknowledging the roles that each of h is family members had in shaping hisRead More The Inevitability of Suffering in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues876 Words   |  4 PagesThe Inevitability of Suffering in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Everyone likes to feel safe. We try to protect ourselves and those we love, to make them feel safe as well. The idea conveyed about safety in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues is that there is no such thing. The narrator of this story had thought that his brother Sonny was safe. Or at least, that was what he had made himself believe. I told myself that Sonny was wild, but he wasnt crazy. And hed always been a good boy, heRead More James Baldwins Story Sonnys Blues Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwins Story Sonnys Blues James Baldwin?s story ?Sonny?s Blues? is a deep and reflexive composition. Baldwin uses the life of two brothers to establish parallelism of personal struggle with society, and at the same time implies a psychological process of one brother leaving his socially ingrained prejudices to understand and accept the others flaws. The story is narrated by Sonny?s older brother whom remained unnamed the entire story. Sonnys brother is a pragmatic person, a teacherRead MoreEssay about James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues1028 Words   |  5 Pages In the world of Harlem, New York the cruelties of the world become incandescently prominent. James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† addresses the foreboding power of pain in a world where someone’s coping skills dictate the course of their life. The story depicts a person’s options to ignore pain, create a reason for pain, or accept pain and live within it. Baldwin explains the theme of pervasive pain and parent’s attempt to shield children from it through the characters. Their reaction to pain constructsRead More Symbolism in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Missing Works Cited Several passages found throughout Sonnys Blues indicate that as a whole, the neighborhood of Harlem is in the turmoil of a battle between good and evil. The narrator describes Sonnys close encounters with the evil manifested in drugs and crime, as well as his assertive attempts at distancing himself from the darker side. The streets and communities of Harlem are described as being a harsh environment which claims the lives ofRead MoreEssay on Literary Analysis of James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues2323 Words   |  10 Pagesauthors create stories with a singular point of view, while others introduce more complex plots and storylines. When it comes to author James Baldwin’s short story Sonny’s Blues, there is much depth given to the storyline and the characters. Sonny’s Blues has been analyzed by many different people throughout time because the story has many elements. From Baldwin’s skillful use of metaphors and similes to his incorporation of re ligious references, this story is insightfully and complexly written. ARead More The Presence of Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Essays809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Presence of Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues In the story Sonnys Blues the author, James Baldwin, uses the image of darkness quite frequently. He uses it first when the older brother (main character) talks about his younger brother Sonny. He says that when Sonny was younger his face was bright and open. He said that he didnt want to believe that he would ever see his brother going down, coming to nothing, all that light in his face gone out. Meaning he had gone from good (cleanRead More The Power of Music in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power of Music in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues At first glance, Sonnys Blues seems ambiguous about the relationship between music and drugs. After all, the worlds of jazz and drug addiction are historically intertwined; it could be possible that Sonnys passion for jazz is merely an excuse for his lifestyle and addiction, as the narrator believes for a time. Or perhaps the world that Sonny has entered by becoming involved in jazz is the danger- if he had not encountered jazz

The Music Shaping Our Society - 1099 Words

Emily Statt Dr. Joe Erickson English 1302 Section 30 8 October 2012 The Music Shaping Our Society When you turn on the radio and change it to your favorite station, what are most of the songs about? In today’s society, the majority of them are probably about sex, drugs, and alcohol. These are the principles mainstream singers like Lil Wayne, Drake and Nicki Minaj are pounding into young people’s minds. Instead of directing their music negatively, these artists should try to encourage respectable behavior among our youth. I believe that the negative lyrics in many popular contemporary songs have a negative influence on the youth of America. Many artists encourage illicit drug use in popular songs of today and advertise them through†¦show more content†¦Look at the statistics on the number of teenage pregnancies in the United States compared to those of earlier times. Drug and alcohol abuse in the United States has also increased over the years and the ages seem to be getting younger. All of these things are very depressing and really make me worry how the ne xt generation will be if ours is this bad. Sadly, we are the only ones to blame for the way our nation is becoming, but the people we idolize play a huge role in the way we portray ourselves as a nation. It’s no shock that many of today’s popular artists are influencing the youth of America negatively through their lyrics and the way they present themselves. If these young pop artists would realize how much influence they had on our youth, they could really make a change for the better. Gerald Graff’s article â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† backs up this statement and gives an excellent concept that these young artists should follow. In the article â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism,† Graff states that it doesn’t matter what you’re interested in, as long as you use what you find interesting and look at it through â€Å"academic eyes† (385). I believe that the following artists use Graff’s idea and apply it not only to their song lyrics, but also their way of life. Artists like Bono, Taylor Swift, and Justin Bieber are constantly giving to charity and setting good examples for their peers. More pop singersShow MoreRelatedMtv Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesOREB 13000069 CRST1 ESSAY – OPTION 1 (MTV) MTV can be defined as â€Å"a cable and satellite television channel which broadcasts popular music and promotional music videos.† (oxforddictionaries.com.n.d.). Launched on August 1st 1981, MTV’s programme started out by helping musicians gain exposure through music videos. This helped TV audiences connect with music by new means. As MTV became more recognised, the network branched out by creating new means of entertainment. MTV has remained relevant byRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Waiting For Superman1023 Words   |  5 Pagesheroes in the DC Comics universe. Children view him as a role model, perhaps as a personal hero - one with astounding power and absolutely triumphant morals; one that always does good. If our perception of a â€Å"superhero† is a person that does good in any situation, then our definition of an actual Superman in our society can vary - depending on the judgment of a person. In Waiting for â€Å"Superman† - Davis Guggenheim’s thought-provoking documentary - the definition of Superman is compared to the saving graceRead MoreConflicting Paradigms On Gender And Sexuality1453 Words   |  6 PagesGender and Sexuality in Rap Music: Review Introduction: The article I am researching and analyzing is â€Å"Conflicting Paradigms on Gender and Sexuality in Rap Music: A Systematic Review† written by Denise Herd. This article was published in the academic journal â€Å"Sexuality and Culture†, on July 1st, 2000. This article is centered around rap music with its social and cultural significance for youth audiences, all around the world and how it plays a major role in shaping young adults beliefs, intentionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Our Lives1576 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly music? To begin, our life would consist of incredibly quiet spaces. Music plays a vital role in our lives, whether it is attending music festivals to attending religious ceremonies. In many ways, music is the composition of our lives that defines society. As a reflection of society, it allows us to remember how things were in the past, how things are now in the present and lastly presents a view of how things might be in the future. Music can take on many forms in our life whether itRead MoreEssay about The Importance of Respecting Other Cultures874 Words   |  4 PagesCulture can shape us as individuals in many different ways. Things such as gender and race play a big part on shaping us as individuals. Culture shapes how we as people view world. Webster’s dictionary defines culture as â€Å"The integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior that depends upon man’s capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. It is also the customary beliefs, social forms and material traits of a racial, religious or social group† (Webster)Read MoreThe Manifesto For A New Generation1439 Words   |  6 PagesVictor Hugo stated, â€Å"Music expresses that which cannot be said and on which it is impossible to be silent.† This quote encapsulates the idea of how music can be more than just sounds. It states what music is too many on a deeper level than that. Music is not only something that we listen to and our brains let off dopamine; music in some musicians cases, is a struggle for freedom or even the struggle for a better future. Music is the manifesto for a new generation. Music is love, emotion, happinessRead MoreGender inequality is well reflected in our society today and has900 Words   |  4 PagesGender   inequality   is   well   reflected   in   our   society   today   and   has   been   going   on    for   years.   Gender   has   its   difference   but   along   the   way   the   judgment   of   sex,   gender    and   gender   roles   has   a   lot   to   deal   with   the   gender   inequalities.   These   aspects   make    up   the   social   problems   towards   discrimination.   The   gender   roles   play   a   significant   Read MoreRape And Sexual Assault On College Campuses919 Words   |  4 PagesTitle 10 - Armed Forces 467). In today’s society, rape and sexual assault on college campuses have attracted massive media attention by climbing up to the #1 age bracket responsible for both allegations and carried out convictions. (Gordon) Among our generation, the question not addressed by the government is what is the common factor among this age bracket that is capable of contributing to this increasing number of sexual crimes across the country? â€Å"Music is an integral part of youth culture† (KistlerRead MoreMtvs Influence on Popular Culture938 Words   |  4 Pagespresidential politics, and world politics like MTV has? In addition to that, MTV can take credit for reconstructing the music industry (Rushkoss 126). One would be hard pressed to find a person who does not enjoy some type of music. MTV chose popular music as its beating heart, instead of classical music or jazz. Y oung people around the country could now see their favorite music icons 24 hours a day, seven days a week. As a result, the young people of America were given an international platformRead MoreInfluence Of Mass Media885 Words   |  4 Pagesculture in every part of the world. These days, thanks to Hollywood, it is instrumental in shaping the social culture by transforming the viewers’ opinions or swaying them one way or another. The idea that a film can have such an enormous impact on people can be difficult for some, however, this same impact can also be a great tool when used properly and for the right reasons (Influence of Film on Modern Society, n.d.). Radio became a new form of communication and entertainment. Between the 1920’s

With Specific Reference to the Concepts of Equality and Citizenship free essay sample

During much of its history, most feminist movements and theories had leaders who were predominantly middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America. However, at least since Sojourner Truths 1851 speech to American feminists, women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms (Sinclair, 1975: 235-238). This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the Civil Rights movement in the United States and the collapse of European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia (Salper, 1972:43-48). In this paper I try to explain the characteristics points of feminist though in Britain and America in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although the terms feminism and feminist did not gain widespread use until the 1970s, they were already being used in the public parlance much earlier (Baumgardner, Richards, 2000:28); for instance, Katherine Hepburn speaks of the feminist movement in the 1942 film Woman of the Year (Henry, 2004:31). Feminism has altered predominant perspectives in a wide range of areas within Western society, ranging from culture to law. Feminist activists have campaigned for womens legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, voting rights); for womens right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for abortion rights, and for reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); for protection of women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape; for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; against misogyny; and against other forms of gender-specific discrimination against women (Saunder, 2005:201). Simone de Beauvoir wrote that the first time we see a woman take up her pen in defense of her sex (Salper, 1972:32) was Christine de Pizan who wrote Epitre au Dieu dAmour (Epistle to the God of Love) in the 15th century. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Modesta di Pozzo di Forzi worked in the 16th century (Mohanty, 2000: 56). Marie Le Jars de Gournay, Anne Bradstreet and Francois Poullain de la Barre wrote during the 17th. Feminists and scholars have divided the movements history into three waves (Ryan, 1992:63). First-wave feminism refers to an extended period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States. Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands (Nemeroff, Tukey, 2001:123-125). However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of womens suffrage. Yet, feminists such as Voltairine de Cleyre and Margaret Sanger were still active in campaigning for womens sexual, reproductive, and economic rights at this time (Evans, 1979:108-109). In 1854, Florence Nightingale established female nurses as adjuncts to the military. In Britain the Suffragettes and, possibly more effectively, the Suffragists campaigned for the womens vote. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned houses. In 1928 this was extended to all women over twenty-one. In the United States, leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing womens right to vote; all were strongly influenced by Quaker thought (Mohanty, 2000:99). American first-wave feminism involved a wide range of women. Some, such as Frances Willard, belonged to conservative Christian groups such as the Womans Christian Temperance Union. Others, such as Matilda Joslyn Gage, were more radical, and expressed themselves within the National Woman Suffrage Association or individually (Bardon, 1978:59-61). American first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined retrospectively after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as political inequalities (Baumgardner, Richards, 2000:59-61). Second-wave feminism refers to the period of activity in the early 1960s and lasting through the late 1980s. The scholar Imelda Whelehan suggests that the second wave was a continuation of the earlier phase of feminism involving the suffragettes in the UK and USA (Evans, 1979:21-26). Second-wave feminism has continued to exist since that time and coexists with what is termed third-wave feminism. The scholar Estelle Freedman compares first and second-wave feminism saying that â€Å"the first wave focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination† (Harding, 2004:32). The feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined the slogan The Personal is Political which became synonymous with the second wave (Harding, 2004:104). Second-wave feminists saw womens cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and encouraged women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as reflecting sexist power structures. The French author and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir wrote novels; monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues; essays; biographies; and an autobiography (Henry, 2004:111-112). She is now best known for her metaphysical novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins, and for her treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of womens oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism. Written in 1949, its English translation was published in 1953 (Mohanty, 2000:31). It sets out a feminist existentialism which prescribes a moral revolution. As an existentialist, she accepted Jean-Paul Sartres precept existence precedes essence; hence one is not born a woman, but becomes one. (Mohanty, 2000: 33). Her analysis focuses on the social construction of Woman as the â€Å"Other†. This de Beauvoir identifies as fundamental to womens oppression. She argues women have historically been considered deviant and abnormal and contends that even Mary Wollstonecraft considered men to be the ideal toward which women should aspire. De Beauvoir argues that for feminism to move forward, this attitude must be set aside. Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique (1963) criticized the idea that women could only find fulfillment through childrearing and homemaking. According to Friedans obituary in the The New York Times, The Feminine Mystique â€Å"†¦ignited the contemporary womens movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world†( Saunder, 2005: 101) and â€Å"is widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century. † (Saunder, 2005:101). In the book Friedan hypothesizes that women are victims of a false belief system that requires them to find identity and meaning in their lives through their husbands and children. Such a system causes women to completely lose their identity in that of their family. Friedan specifically locates this system among post-World War II middle-class suburban communities. At the same time, Americas post-war economic boom had led to the development of new technologies that were supposed to make household work less difficult, but that often had the result of making womens work less meaningful and valuable (Saunder, 2005:221-223). Third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, arising as a response to perceived failures of the second wave and also as a response to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the second wave (Saunder, 2005:224-226). Third-wave feminism seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second waves essentialist definitions of femininity, which (according to them) over-emphasize the experiences of upper middle-class white women (Harding, 2004:114). A post-structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality is central to much of the third waves ideology. Third-wave feminists often focus on micro-politics and challenge the second waves paradigm as to what is, or is not, good for females. The third wave has its origins in the mid-1980s. Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave like Gloria Anzaldua, bell hooks, Chela Sandoval, Cherrie Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities (Harding, 2004:133-134). Third-wave feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists such as the psychologist Carol Gilligan (who believes that there are important differences between the sexes) and those who believe that there are no inherent differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning (Henry, 2004:151-153). From the 1960s on the womens liberation movement campaigned for womens rights, including the same pay as men, equal rights in law, and the freedom to plan their families (Ryan, 1992:332). Their efforts were met with mixed results. Issues commonly associated with notions of womens rights include, though are not limited to: the right to bodily integrity and autonomy; to vote (universal suffrage); to hold public office; to work; to fair wages or equal pay; to own property; to education; to serve in the military; to enter into legal contracts; and to have marital, parental and religious rights (Nemeroff, Tukey, 2001:293-294). The phrase Women’s Liberation was first used in the United States in 1964 and first appeared in print in 1966. By 1968, although the term Women’s Liberation Front appeared in the magazine Ramparts, it was starting to refer to the whole women’s movement (Henry, 2004:193). Bra-burning also became associated with the movement, though the actual prevalence of bra-burning is debatable (Harding, 2004:153-154). One of the most vocal critics of the womens liberation movement has been the African American feminist and intellectual Gloria Jean Watkins (who uses the pseudonym bell hooks) who argues that this movement glossed over race and class and thus failed to address the issues that divided women. (Henry, 2004:83) She highlighted the lack of minority voices in the womens movement in her book Feminist theory from margin to center (1984). In the UK a public groundswell of opinion in favour of legal equality gained pace, partly through the extensive employment of women in mens traditional roles during both world wars (Ryan, 1992:334-336). By the 1960s the legislative process was being readied, tracing through MP Willie Hamiltons select committee report, his Equal Pay for Equal Work Bill, the creation of a Sex Discrimination Board, Lady Sears draft sex anti-discrimination bill, a government Green Paper of 1973, until 1975 when the first British Sex Discrimination Act, an Equal Pay Act, and an Equal Opportunities Commission came into force (Henry, 2004:148-149). With encouragement from the UK government, the other countries of the EEC soon followed suit with an agreement to ensure that discrimination laws would be phased out across the European Community (Harding, 2004:131-133). In the USA, the US National Organization for Women (NOW) was created in 1966 with the purpose of bringing about equality for all women. NOW was one important group that fought for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (Henry, 2004:155). This amendment stated that, â€Å"†¦equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. †(Harding, 2004:99) But there was disagreement on how the proposed amendment would be understood (Henry, 2004). Supporters believed it would guarantee women equal treatment. But critics feared it might deny women the right be financially supported by their husbands. The amendment died in 1982 because not enough states had ratified it. ERAs have been included in subsequent Congresses, but have still failed to be ratified (Harding, 2004:116). In the final three decades of the 20th century, Western women knew a new freedom through birth control, which enabled women to plan their adult lives, often making way for both career and family. The movement had been started in the 1910s by US pioneering social reformer Margaret Sanger and in the UK and internationally by Marie Stopes (Harding, 2004:132). The United Nations Human Development Report 2004 estimated that when both paid employment and unpaid household tasks are accounted for, on average women work more than men (Henry, 2004:118). In rural areas of selected developing countries women performed an average of 20% more work than men, or an additional 102 minutes per day (Harding, 2004:115-116). In the OECD countries surveyed, on average women performed 5% more work than men, or 20 minutes per day (Henry, 2004). At the UNs Pan Pacific Southeast Asia Womens Association 21st International Conference in 2001 it was stated that in the world as a whole, women comprise 51% of the population, do 66% of the work, receive 10% of the income and own less than one percent of the property. Saunder, 2005: 23-24) A number of feminist writers maintain that identifying as a feminist is the strongest stand men can take in the struggle against sexism (Henry, 2004:126-128). They have argued that men should be allowed, or even be encouraged, to participate in the feminist movement (Harding, 2004:166-168). Other female feminists argue that men cannot be feminists simply because they are not women. They maintain that men are granted inh erent privileges that prevent them from identifying with feminist struggles, thus making it impossible for them to identify with feminists (Saunder, 2005:24-26). Fidelma Ashe has approached the issue of male feminism by arguing that traditional feminist views of male experience and of men doing feminism(Saunder, 2005: 25) have been monolithic. She explores the multiple political discourses and practices of pro-feminist politics, and evaluates each strand through an interrogation based upon its effect on feminist politics (Saunder, 2005:28-29). A more recent examination of the subject is presented by author and academic Shira Tarrant (Saunder, 2005:29-32). In Men and Feminism the California State University, Long Beach professor highlights critical debates about asculinity and gender, the history of men in feminism, and men’s roles in preventing violence and sexual assault (Harding, 2004:131-134). Through critical analysis and first-person stories by feminist men, Tarrant addresses the question of why men should care about feminism in the first place and lays the foundation for a larger discussion about feminism as an all-encompassing, human issue (Henry, 2004:155-159). In conclusion I want to stress that several sub movements of feminist ideology; in the Britain and America; have developed over the years.